The type 83 was typically used up to about 500 V. per plate, so you could use a 1N4007 diode as a replacement. (Two diodes for a full-wave CT circuit.) The resistance of the 83 was about 60 ohms, so you might want to put a 50 or 60 ohm resistor in series with the diode to limit surge and to yield about the same output voltage as the tube. Make sure the resistor has adequate power dissipation capability! I wouldn't bother with any additional caps. If you really want to be conservative, use 2 units of 1N4007 in series for each half of the equivalent tube. Connect a 100K resistor across each diode to force them to share voltage equally.
Rich
Pair of 1N4007 diodes and a pair of 10-ohm, 5-watt resistors in series mounted to the 4-pin base of the 83 does nicely. And it does not throw off the calibration of the unit either.